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Contents of old writing desks

My grandfather's portable Victorian or Edwardian desk lay untouched from his death in 1940 to when I opened it to photograph it. Since he lived into old age, the contents of the desk must be little different from what they would have been in the early 20th century, in Victorian and Edwardian times and even before.

Sealing wax

Sticks of partly-used sealing wax

Sticks of well-used sealing wax were in the bottom compartment of the desk.

The purpose of sealing wax was to show that any sealed document had not been tampered with between sending and arrival.

So sealing wax was used for important or private documents or valuable parcels.

How sealing wax was used

To use sealing wax, the sender put an end of the sealing wax strip into a flame to soften it and then daubed over the sealed or knotted part of the envelope or parcel. The sealing wax cooled rapidly making a surface that was so brittle that it chipped or broke easily. Consequently if anyone tried to tamper with the seal, the tampering was immediately obvious.

Hot, melted sealing wax being daubed into the sealed part of an envelope.

A ring with a 'seal' being pressed into sealing wax to replicate the design on the ring which was unique to the sender - usually initials or a crest.

Better-off people had a 'seal' which made a personalised impression in the hot wax, often initials or a coat of arms. It was often part of a finger ring. The likes of my grandfather, i.e. working class people, would not have owned such a thing.

In the 1940s my parents owned sealing wax. I only remember it being used once - and that stuck firmly in my memory because of how the sealing wax sparked while it was in the flame.

I clearly remember letters and parcels arriving with sealing wax on. Then it was mainly on the knot in string which tied parcels.

The pens

Guest contribution

Why my father used sealing wax

I can remember my father sealing a letter. He had an engraved signet ring and he explained that by pressing the ring into the still hot soft wax it showed it was he who had sealed the letter. No one else could tamper with it and reseal as only he had that ring.

Neil Cryer

The pens in the desk are best shown in photographs.

Pen compartment of an Edwardian writing desk, with pens.

The pen compartment, with is original pens. The handles of two of the pens are bone, and the other is wood.

Old pen with detachable nib and bone handle

Pen with bone handle. Note how inky the handle is.

The pen nibs

Old pen nibs, used, many stained with blue ink

Nibs stored in the desk. Clearly these have been well-used, mainly with blue ink - presumably my grandfather's favourite colour.

Enlargement of the housing for a nib of an old pen, illustrating how it can take and hold a nib firmly

Enlargement of the nib housing. There are two concentric metal grips, the outer is slit so that it can be forced open.

Enlargement of a nib fixed into an old pen, showing how it is held firmly for use

The nib in place, having been forced between the two grips and then held firm. When (not if) the nib breaks, it can be forcibly removed and replaced with a new nib

Miscallenea in the desk

Also found in the desk, which I have not photographed, are two well-used rubbers (erasers), paperclips, a pencil with a particularly thick lead and an unused 1939 diary.

If my grandfather had not been so ill when he died, the desk would probably have contained unanswered letters.

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